Selectable address translation mechanisms within a partition

ABSTRACT

An address translation capability is provided in which translation structures of different types are used to translate memory addresses from one format to another format. Multiple translation structure formats (e.g., multiple page table formats, such as hash page tables and hierarchical page tables) are concurrently supported in a system configuration. For a system configuration that includes partitions, the translation mechanism to be used for a partition or a portion thereof is selectable and may be different for different partitions or even portions within a partition.

BACKGROUND

One or more aspects relate, in general, to memory of a computingenvironment, and in particular, to facilitating translation of memoryaddresses used to access the memory.

System configurations include physical memory used to store applicationsand data. The amount of physical memory is fixed and often inadequate tosupport the needs of users. Therefore, to provide additional memory orat least the appearance of additional memory, a memory managementtechnique, referred to as virtual memory, is utilized. Virtual memoryuses virtual addressing, which provides ranges of addresses that canappear to be much larger than the physical size of main memory.

To access main memory in a system configuration that includes virtualmemory, a memory access is requested that includes an effective address.The effective address is translated into a real address used to accessthe physical memory.

Translation is performed using an address translation technique. Severaladdress translation techniques are available. For instance, in PowerPCsystems offered by International Business Machines Corporation, aneffective address is translated to a corresponding real address by wayof page table entries found by selecting an effective segment identifier(ESID) table entry associated with the effective address, and using theentry to locate a group of page table entries by way of a hashingalgorithm. In a further example, in the z/Architecture, also offered byInternational Business Machines Corporation, an effective address istranslated to a corresponding real address by way of a hierarchy oftranslation tables. Translation tables are indexed by a portion of theeffective address to find the address of the next translation table ofthe hierarchy until a real (or absolute) address is obtained. Bothaddress translation techniques provide advantages to their respectiveoperating systems.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages areprovided through the provision of a computer program product forfacilitating translation of a memory address. The computer programproduct comprises a storage medium readable by a processing circuit andstoring instructions for execution by the processing circuit forperforming a method. The method includes, for instance, selecting, by amonitor executing on a processor, a first address translation structureformat for a first portion of a partition managed by the monitor; andselecting, by the monitor, a second address translation structure formatfor a second portion of the partition, the first address translationstructure format being different from the second address translationstructure format.

Methods and systems relating to one or more aspects are also describedand claimed herein. Further, services relating to one or more aspectsare also described and may be claimed herein.

Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniquesdescribed herein. Other embodiments and aspects are described in detailherein and are considered a part of the claimed aspects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more aspects are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimedas examples in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. Theforegoing and objects, features, and advantages of one or more aspectsare apparent from the following detailed description taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1A depicts one example of a computing environment to incorporateand use one or more aspects of a translation capability;

FIG. 1B depicts another example of a computing environment toincorporate and use one or more aspects of a translation capability;

FIG. 2A illustrates an example of a high-level view of a virtual memorymapped to a physical memory using a hash page table technique;

FIG. 2B illustrates one example of a technique for generating a virtualaddress;

FIG. 2C depicts one example of a hash page table translation structure;

FIG. 3 depicts one example of a segment lookaside buffer, includingexample fields of a segment lookaside buffer entry;

FIG. 4A depicts one example of a page table;

FIG. 4B depicts one example of a page table entry;

FIG. 5A depicts one example of a hierarchical translation mechanism;

FIG. 5B depicts one example of indexing of high-level translationtables;

FIG. 6A depicts an example of a page table entry for the z/Architecture;

FIG. 6B depicts one example of a page table entry for the Power ISAarchitecture;

FIG. 7A depicts one embodiment of the logic to select a translationmechanism;

FIG. 7B depicts one embodiment of the logic performed by a hypervisor tohandle a fault resulting from address translation;

FIG. 8 depicts one embodiment of a radix translation mechanism;

FIG. 9 depicts one example of a radix on radix translation mechanism;

FIG. 10 depicts one example of a radix on hash page table translationmechanism;

FIG. 11 depicts one example of using a translation structure of one typeto point to a translation structure of another type to perform addresstranslation;

FIG. 12 depicts one embodiment of a radix on offset translationmechanism;

FIG. 13A depicts one example of multiple translation mechanisms formultiple partitions;

FIG. 13B depicts one example of multiple translation mechanisms formultiple address ranges of a single partition;

FIG. 14 depicts one example of the logic to configure a system forselected translation mechanisms;

FIG. 15 depicts one example of a hash page table translation mechanism;

FIG. 16 depicts one example of a dynamic address translation (DAT)mechanism; and

FIG. 17 depicts one embodiment of a computer program productincorporating one or more aspects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect, a system configuration is provided that has differenttypes of translation structures available to it for use in translatingmemory addresses from one format (e.g., an effective address, and inparticular, a virtual address associated therewith) to another format(e.g., a real address). Multiple translation structure formats (e.g.,multiple page table formats, such as hash page tables and hierarchicalpage tables) are concurrently supported in a system configuration, and acontrol is provided to select, for a particular address to betranslated, one or more types of translation structures to be used inthe translation.

Further, in one embodiment, the system configuration is a guest/hostconfiguration that includes a monitor (e.g., hypervisor, logic partitionmonitor, virtual machine monitor, etc.) that has the ability to selectdifferent translation structure formats for different partitions, aswell as different translation structure formats for different memoryregions of a single partition.

Computing environments of different architectures may incorporate anduse one or more aspects of the address translation capability providedherein. For instance, environments based on the PowerPC architecture,also referred to as Power ISA, offered by International BusinessMachines Corporation and described in the Power ISA™ Version 2.06Revision B specification, Jul. 23, 2010, incorporated herein byreference in its entirety, may include one or more aspects, as well ascomputing environments of other architectures, such as thez/Architecture, offered by International Business Machines Corporation,and described in z/Architecture—Principles of Operation, Publication No.SA22-7932-08, 9th Edition, August 2010, which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

One example of a computing environment to incorporate and use one ormore aspects of the translation capability is described with referenceto FIG. 1A. In one example, a computing environment 100 includes aprocessor (central processing unit—CPU) 102 that includes at least onememory management unit (MMU)/translation lookaside buffer (TLB) portion104 and a cache 106. Processor 102 is communicatively coupled to amemory portion 108 having a cache 110, and to an input/output (I/O)portion 112. I/O portion 112 is communicatively coupled to external I/Odevices 114 that may include, for example, data input devices, sensorsand/or output devices, such as displays.

Memory management unit 104 is used in managing memory portion 108including facilitating access to the memory by providing addresstranslation. To improve address translation, the memory management unitutilizes a translation lookaside buffer (TLB). The TLB is a cache ofpreviously translated addresses. Thus, when a request is received for amemory access that includes an address to be translated, the TLB ischecked first. If the address and its translation are in the TLB, thenno translation is necessary. Otherwise, the received address istranslated using one of any number of translation techniques.

A further embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and useone or more aspects of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 1B. Inthis example, a computing environment 150 includes a server 152 thatincludes, for instance, one or more virtual machines 154, one or morecentral processors (e.g., central processing units) 156, at least onehypervisor 158, and an input/output subsystem 160. The virtual machinesand hypervisor are included in memory 162.

In this embodiment, each virtual machine is capable of hosting a guestoperating system 168 and may be executing one or more applications 170.An operating system or application running in a virtual machine appearsto have access to a full complete system, but in reality, only a portionof it is available.

Central processors 156 (e.g., central processing units) are physicalprocessor resources that are assignable to a virtual machine. Forinstance, virtual machine 154 includes one or more logical processors,each of which represents all or a share of a physical processor 156 thatmay be dynamically allocated to the virtual machine. Virtual machines154 are managed by hypervisor 158, such as PowerVM, offered byInternational Business Machines Corporation, as examples.

Central processor 156, like CPU 102, includes at least one MMU/TLBportion and at least one cache.

Input/output subsystem 160 directs the flow of information betweendevices and memory (also referred to herein as main memory or mainstorage). It is coupled to the server in that it can be part of theserver or separate therefrom. The I/O subsystem relieves the centralprocessors of the task of communicating directly with the I/O devicescoupled to the server and permits data processing to proceedconcurrently with I/O processing.

Further details regarding the physical memory used by either system,such as memory 108 or memory 162, and access thereto are described withreference to FIG. 2A. As is known, physical memory is of a defined sizeand in order to have the physical memory appear larger than it is,virtual memory is utilized. One example of a high-level view of virtualmemory 201 mapped to a physical memory 203 (such as memory 108, 162) isdepicted in FIG. 2A. In this example, the mapping from virtual memory toreal memory is via a hash page table (HPT) technique 205 to locate pagetable entries (PTEs), as used by, for example, Power ISA. In thisexample, programs only use sections A and B of the virtual memory. Eachsegment of the virtual memory is mapped to a segment ID (SID) entry 207identified by an effective segment ID (ESID) (ESIDs for B and ESIDs forA included). An “effective address” 204 used by the program selects anSID entry, which includes the ESID value, as well as a virtual segmentID (VSID) 214 value. The VSID value represents the high-order bits of avirtual address to be used by hashing algorithm 205 to search the hashpage table. A hashed value based on the VSID is used to locate a pagetable entry (PTE). The page table entry includes an address 213 of apage of physical memory 203.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example of a technique for generating a virtualaddress 202 for hashing. In this regard, an effective address 204 isreceived in, for instance, a memory management unit of a processor.Effective address 204 includes an effective segment identifier (ESID)field 206, a page field 208 and byte offset field 210. The ESID field isused to locate an entry in a segment lookaside buffer (SLB) 212, whichis a cache of recently accessed segment ID entries. In particular, theSLB is searched for an entry with a value of ESID 206 of the effectiveaddress 204. The entry with the ESID 206 includes an associated virtualsegment identifier (VSID) 214, as well as other information, asdescribed below. The associated VSID is used to generate virtual address202, which includes VSID 214; and page 208 and byte 210 from theeffective address 204. Virtual address 202 is used to obtain a realaddress used to access physical memory in the memory system. In thisdisclosure, the terms physical memory, real memory, system memory andabsolute memory are used interchangeably to refer to the main storageaccessible to a processor.

FIG. 2C illustrates an example of a hash page table (HPT) translationstructure used by Power ISA. ESID portion 206 of an effective address(EA) 204 is used to locate an entry in SLB 212. The entry includes aVSID field 214. The value of VSID field 214 and a portion of EA 204(page.byte) are hashed 230 to produce a hash value that is used tolocate a page table entry (PTE) group 252 in a hash page table (HPT)250. Page table entries 253 of PTE group 252 are searched to locate acorresponding PTE having a field matching a value of amost-significant-portion of the VSID. When a corresponding PTE is found,the address (e.g., real address) of the physical memory page in the PTEis used to access physical memory. In order to improve performance, oncea PTE entry is found, the page portion 208 of EA 204 and the address ofthe physical memory page found in the PTE are stored in TLB 254, suchthat further accesses to the same EA page will “hit” in TLB 254 andavoid the PTE search. The page table is located by a page table originaddress provided by the processor.

Further details regarding a segment lookaside buffer and a page tableare described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4A-4B. Referring initiallyto FIG. 3, a segment lookaside buffer (SLB) 212 specifies the mappingbetween effective segment IDs (ESIDs) and virtual segment IDs (VSIDs).The number of SLB entries (SLBE) in an SLB is implementation dependent,and in one example, includes at least 32 entries. In one example,segment lookaside buffer 212 includes a plurality of SLB entries 300,and each SLB entry 300 maps one ESID 302 to one VSID 308. In oneexample, SLBE 300 includes the following fields:

-   -   Effective segment ID (ESID) 302 (bits 0-35);    -   Entry valid indicator (V) 304 (bit 36) which indicates whether        the entry is valid (V=1) or invalid (V=0);    -   Segment sized selector (B) 306 (bits 37-38), which has the        following meaning, in one example: 0b00-256 Megabytes (MB)        (s=28), 0b01-1 Terabyte (TB) (s=40), 0b10-256 TB (s=48), and        0b11-reserved;    -   Virtual segment ID (VSID) 308 (bits 39-88);    -   Supervisor (privileged) state storage key indicator (K_(s)) 310        (bit 89);    -   Problem state storage key indicator (K_(p)) 312 (bit 90);    -   No-execute segment if N=1 indicator (N) 314 (bit 91);    -   Virtual page size selector bit 0 (L) 316 (bit 92);    -   Class indicator (C) 318 (bit 93);    -   Virtual page size selector bits 1:2 (LP) 322 (bits 95-96); and    -   Radix segment indicator (RS) 326 (bit 99), which, in one        example, 0 indicates disabled and 1 indicates enabled. When        RS=1, the virtual address used for the hash page table search        has the lowest S (encoded in SLBE_(B)) number of bits set to        zero.

In one embodiment, instructions cannot be executed from a no-execute(N=1) segment. Segments may contain a mixture of page sizes. The L andLP bits specify the base virtual page size that the segment may contain.The SLB_(L∥LP) encodings are those shown below, in one example:

encoding base page size 0b000  4 KB 0b101 64 KB additional values 2^(b)bytes, where b >12 and b may differ among encoding values,where the “additional values” are implementation-dependent, as are thecorresponding base virtual page sizes. The values that are not supportedby a given implementation are reserved in that implementation.

The base virtual page size also referred to as the base page size is thesmallest virtual page size for the segment. The base virtual page sizeis 2^(b) bytes. The actual virtual page size (also referred to as theactual page size or virtual page size) is specified by PTE_(L∥LP).

The Class field is used in conjunction with the SLB Invalidate Entry(SLBIE) and SLB Invalidate All (SLBIA) instructions. Class refers to agrouping of SLB entries and implementation-specific lookasideinformation so that only entries in a certain group need be invalidatedand others might be preserved. The class value assigned to animplementation-specific lookaside entry derived from an SLB entry is tomatch the class value of that SLB entry. The class value assigned to animplementation-specific lookaside entry that is not derived from an SLBentry (such as real mode address translations) is 0.

Software is to ensure that the SLB contains at most one entry thattranslates a given instruction effective address. An attempt to createan SLB entry that violates this requirement may cause a machine check.

As described herein, at least one field of the SLB is used to access apage table, and in particular, a specific page table entry. Furtherinformation regarding a page table and page table entries is describedwith reference to FIGS. 4A-4B. In this example, the page table and itscorresponding entries are for the Power ISA architecture; however, otherpage tables and entries may be used for other architectures.

Referring initially to FIG. 4A, a page table 400 includes one or morepage table entries 402. As one example, page table 400 is a hash pagetable (HPT), which is a variable-sized data structure that specifies themapping between virtual page numbers (VPN) and real page numbers (RPN),where the real page number of a real page is, for instance, bits 0:47 ofthe address of the first byte in the real page. The hash page table sizecan be any size 2^(n) bytes where 18≦n≦46. The hash page table is to belocated in storage having the storage control attributes that are usedfor implicit accesses to it. In one embodiment, the starting address isto be a multiple of its size unless the implementation supports aserver.relaxed page table alignment category, in which case its startingaddress is a multiple of 2¹⁸ bytes, as an example.

In one example, the hash page table contains page table entry groups(PTEGs). A page table entry group contains eight page table entries of16 bytes each; each page table entry group is thus 128 bytes long. PTEGsare entry points for searches of the page table.

Further details of a page table entry are described with reference toFIG. 4B. Each page table entry 402 maps one virtual number to one realpage number. As an example for the Power ISA architecture, a page tableentry includes the following:

Dword Bit(s) Name Description 0 0:1 B (404) Segment Size 0b00—256 MB;0b01—1 TB; 0b10—256 TB; 0b11—reserved  2:56 AVA (406) AbbreviatedVirtual Address 57:60 SW (408) Available for software use 61 L (410)Virtual page size 0b0—4 KB 0b1—greater than 4 KB (large page) 62 H (412)Hash function identifier 63 V (414) Entry valid (V = 1) or invalid (V =0) 1  0 PP (416) Page Protection bit 0 1  / Reserved 2:3 Key (420) KEYbits 0:1  4:43 ARPN (422) Abbreviated Real Page Number 44:51 LP (424)Large page size selector  4:51 RTABORG Virtualized real address of RadixTable (426) (when SLBE_(RS) = 1 or VRMASD_(RS) = 1) 52:54 Key (428) KEYbits 2:4 55 R (430) Reference bit 56 C (432) Change bit 57:60 WIMG (434)Storage control bits 61 N (436) No-execute page if N = 1 62:63 PP (438)Page Protection bits 1:2

Further details regarding one implementation of page tables and pagetable entries are described in Power ISA™ Version 2.06 Revision Bspecification, Jul. 23, 2010, offered by International Business MachinesCorporation and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The use of a hash page table to translate addresses is only one exampleof a translation technique. Other address translation schemes, includingthose that use a hierarchy of translation tables, are described below,as well as in the following publications: z/Architecture—Principles ofOperation, Publication No. SA22-7932-08, 9th Edition, August 2010, andIntel Itanium Architecture Software Developer's Manual Volume 2: SystemArchitecture, Document Number: 245318-005, each hereby incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. In one example, for thez/Architecture, the hierarchy of tables is referred to as dynamicaddress translation (DAT) tables; and for Power ISA, the tables arereferred to as radix tables.

One example of a hierarchical translation table translation mechanism isdescribed with reference to FIG. 5A. In this example, translation tables504 are provided for translating addresses of virtual memory 502, thoughonly regions A and B are to be used, in this example, to real addresses.The origin of the highest order translation table of the hierarchicaltranslation tables 504, is provided, for example, by a control register(CR3) 506. An effective address 508 is used to index into each table ofthe hierarchical translation tables 504 to determine an origin addressof the next table until, for example, a page table entry (PTE) having anaddress 509 of a page of physical memory 510 is located. In one examplein which the translation mechanism is DAT, the effective address is avirtual address having a plurality of indices used to index into thetranslation tables.

FIG. 5B shows one example in which the highest level translation tableof the hierarchy is “indexed” by the high portion 508 a of an effectiveaddress 508 to locate a Table 1 entry 512 a that is used to locate thenext translation table (Table 2). That is, entry 512 a includes anorigin address of Table 2. Similarly, a next portion 508 b of theeffective address 508 is used to index into Table 2 to find a Table 2entry 512 b having the origin address of Table 3. A next portion of theeffective address 508 c is used to index into Table 3 to find a Table 3entry 512 c having an origin address of a Page Table 514 a. A nextportion 508 d of the effective address 508 is used to index into PageTable 514 a to locate a page table entry 512 d having the address of aphysical memory page 516. The origin of the hierarchy of translationtables, in one embodiment, may include a table selector field fordetermining which of the hierarchy of translation tables, the originapplies. Thus, the translation may require only a subset of thehierarchy (wherein an effective address is limited to include apredetermined number of most significant bits having a zero value). Atranslation using fewer tables will be faster than one using moretables.

The page table entry located by traversing the hierarchical page tablesincludes various information including at least a portion of a realaddress used to access the physical memory. The format and informationincluded in the page table entry depends on the architecture of thesystem configuration and/or the specific type of translation.

In one example in which the address translation is the DAT translationof the z/Architecture, a page table entry 600 includes the following, asdepicted in FIG. 6A:

-   -   Page-Frame Real Address (PFRA) (602): Bits 0-51 provide the        leftmost bits of a real storage address. When these bits are        concatenated with the 12-bit byte index field of the virtual        address on the right, a 64-bit real address is provided;    -   Page-Invalid bit 604 (I): Bit 53 controls whether the page        associated with the page table entry is available. When the bit        is zero, address translation proceeds by using the page table        entry. When the bit is one, the page table entry is not to be        used for translation;    -   DAT-Protection Bit (P) 606: Bit 54 controls whether store        accesses can be made in the page. This protection mechanism is        in addition to the key-controlled-protection and        low-address-protection mechanisms. The bit has no effect on        fetch accesses; and    -   Change-Recording Override (CO) 608: When enhanced DAT does not        apply, bit 55 of the page-table entry is to contain zero;        otherwise, a translation-specification exception is recognized        as part of the execution of an instruction using that entry for        address translation. When enhanced DAT applies and a segment        table entry (STE) format control is zero, bit 55 of the        page-table entry is the change-recording override for the page.

As a further example in which the address translation is the radixtranslation of Power ISA, a page table entry includes the followingfields, as depicted in FIG. 6B. The format of this page table entryincludes at least some fields similar to the fields of the page tableentry obtained using the hash technique for Power ISA. In one example,page table entry 650 includes:

Bits Name Description  0 N (652) No-execute page if N = 1  1 PP (654)Page Protections 0 2-6 Key (656) KEY bits 0:4  7-51 AA (658) AbbreviatedAddress (concatenated with twelve zeros) 52-54 SO (660) Available forsoftware 55 G (662) Guarded 56 L (664) Leaf 0—is Page Directory Entry(PDE) (0-1, 52-55, 57-62 ignored) 1—is Page Table Entry (PTE) 57 C (666)Changed 58 R (668) Reference 59 I (670) Cache Inhibited 60 W (672)Writethrough 61-62 PP (674) Page Protections 1:2 63 V (676) Valid EntryIndicator

In accordance with one aspect, a system configuration is provided withdifferent types of address translation structures for use in translatingaddresses. As examples, one type uses a hierarchical data structure(e.g., a radix structure), and another type uses a hash data structure.Other and/or different types of structures may also be used, including,for instance, a combination of a hierarchical and a hash structure, oran offset structure, as examples. Further, in one example, the type oftranslation structure to be used for a particular translation isselectable.

One embodiment of the logic to select from a plurality of translationmechanisms to translate an address is described with reference to FIG.7A. In this example, the environment is a virtualized environment havingone or more guests (e.g., guest operating systems executing withinpartitions) supported by a host (e.g., a host machine, including a hostoperating system and/or a hypervisor), and the address being translatedis a guest virtual address (obtained based on an effective address) to ahost physical address (a.k.a., host real address). In one embodiment,hardware of the environment (e.g., the MMU) is used to perform the logicof FIG. 7A, unless otherwise noted. In another embodiment, hardwareand/or firmware is to perform the logic. As used herein, firmwareincludes, e.g., the microcode, millicode and/or macrocode of theprocessor. It includes, for instance, the hardware-level instructionsand/or data structures used in implementation of higher level machinecode. In one embodiment, it includes, for instance, proprietary codethat is typically delivered as microcode that includes trusted softwareor microcode specific to the underlying hardware and controls operatingsystem access to the system hardware.

Referring to FIG. 7A, initially, the hardware within a partition (e.g.,MMU of a processor within a virtualized environment) receives a memoryaccess request which includes a memory address translation request foran effective address, STEP 700. The memory address request may be amemory operation to load/store, a memory operand in an instruction, aninstruction address to be accessed during an instruction fetch, a loadreal address, or a prefetch instruction, as examples.

Based on the effective address in the translation request, a guestvirtual address is obtained and translated within the partition to aguest physical address using a selected translation format, such as, forinstance, a radix translation, STEP 702. A determination is made as towhether a translation event has occurred based on the translation fromthe guest virtual address to the guest physical address, INQUIRY 704. Ifa translation event has occurred, then that event (e.g., radix tablemiss), along with the guest virtual address, is presented from thehardware to the operating system using an instruction storage interrupt(ISI) or data storage interrupt (DSI) depending on whether thetranslation that resulted in a fault corresponded to an instruction ordata access, STEP 706. However, if there was no translation event, thenthe guest virtual address has been translated to the guest physicaladdress.

Next, a determination is made as to the type of translation to beselected to translate the guest physical address to the host physicaladdress, INQUIRY 708. In the example herein, it is either a hierarchicaltranslation mechanism (e.g., radix) or a hash page table translationmechanism that is selected; however, in other embodiments, other typesof translation mechanisms may be selected, such as an offset mechanismor other types. In one embodiment, the selection of the translationmechanism is dependent on the type of hypervisor that is configuring thesystem for the translation, and the preference of that hypervisor;and/or the selection may be based on the condition of the memory. Forinstance, if host memory has little fragmentation or large pages, aradix or other hierarchical translation mechanism may be selected; forheavily fragmented host memory, a hash page table translation mechanismmay be selected; and for static partitions, an offset translationmechanism may be selected. Other selection criteria are also possible.

Further, in one embodiment, selection may be performed at various levelsof translation including, for instance, from guest virtual to guestphysical, and/or from guest physical to host physical, and eachselection is independent of the other. That is, the selection of aparticular structure at one level (e.g., guest level) has no bearing onthe selection at another level (e.g., host level).

The selection, in one example, is configured by the hypervisor for thesystem by setting one or more indicators in one or more controlregisters, other registers, or memory, subsequent to making theselection and prior to receiving a translation request. In anotherexample, the selection is made dynamically by, for instance, thehypervisor or operating system, at the time of the translation, and thatselection is provided to the hardware or firmware.

Continuing with INQUIRY 708, if a radix (or other hierarchical)translation is selected for the host translation, then the guestphysical address is translated to the host physical address using aradix (or other hierarchical) translation, STEP 710. However, if hashpage table translation has been selected, then the guest physicaladdress is translated to the host physical address using a hash pagetable translation, STEP 712. Other translation mechanisms may also beselected, although, not shown in this particular example.

If a translation event occurs during translation of the guest physicaladdress to the host physical address, INQUIRY 714, then that event isindicated to the hypervisor via a host instruction storage interrupt(HISI)/host data storage interrupt (HDSI), in which the guest's physicaladdress is specified, STEP 716. If a translation event has not beenindicated, then the guest physical address has been translated to thehost physical address, and the host physical address is usable for thememory access.

Should the hypervisor be interrupted via an HISI or HDSI, the hypervisorperforms certain processing, an example of which is depicted anddescribed with reference to FIG. 7B. Initially, the hypervisor receivesthe HISI/HDSI, STEP 760. Thereafter, in one embodiment, a determinationis made as to whether radix guest translation is enabled, INQUIRY 762.In one example, this is determined by an indicator in a control registeror other register. If radix guest translation is not enabled, then HPTevent handling for HPT memory translation is performed as usual, STEP764. For instance, the hypervisor reloads the HPT. Further, execution ofthe instruction that caused the HISI/HDSI is restarted, STEP 766.

Returning to INQUIRY 762, if radix guest translation is enabled, in oneembodiment, the partition fault address (e.g., the guest physicaladdress) to be translated is obtained by the operating system from thehardware, STEP 768. Further, a translation entry for that address isobtained from a memory map to load the host translation table, STEP 770.The translation entry that is obtained is installed in the hosttranslation table (e.g., HPT or radix, in a further embodiment), STEP772, and execution of the instruction having caused the HISI/HDSI isrestarted, STEP 774.

For example, in one embodiment, host translation is performed using anHPT structure. In accordance with this embodiment, further to STEP 768,a translation entry for that address is obtained from a memory map toload the HPT, STEP 770. In accordance with another embodiment and inanother execution, a host physical page has been paged out and is pagedin prior to installing a translation entry. The translation entry thatis obtained is installed in the HPT, STEP 772, and execution of theinstruction having caused the HISI/HDSI is restarted, STEP 774. Inanother embodiment, host translation is performed by a radix structure.In accordance with this embodiment, further to STEP 768, a translationfault is handled for a radix table, e.g., a translation entry for thataddress is obtained from a memory map to load the radix table, STEP 770.In accordance with another embodiment and in another execution, a hostphysical page has been paged out and is paged in prior to installing atranslation entry. The translation entry that is obtained is installedin the radix table, STEP 772, and execution of the instruction havingcaused the HISI/HDSI is restarted, STEP 774.

Further details regarding different types of translation structures,including a hierarchical translation structure, such as a radixtranslation structure, and variations thereof, such as a radix on radixtranslation structure (i.e., using a radix table for guest translationin conjunction with a radix table for host translation), and a radix onhash page table translation structure (i.e., using a radix table forguest translation in conjunction with an HPT table for host translation)are described below with reference to FIGS. 8-10.

Referring initially to FIG. 8, one embodiment of the logic to translatea virtual address to a physical address using radix translation isdescribed. As shown, a radix table origin stored in, for instance, aregister 800 indicates the beginning of a radix translation structure802. Radix translation structure 802, also referred to as a radix pagetable (RTAB), is, for instance, a hierarchical, variable sized datastructure that specifies the mapping between virtual page numbers andreal page numbers, virtual page numbers and virtualized real pagenumbers, or virtualized real page numbers and real page numbers, wherethe real page number of a real page is, for instance, bits 0-44 of theaddress of the first byte of the real page. The RTAB is located instorage having the storage control attributes that are used for implicitaccess to it. The starting address is aligned in one example to a 4Kboundary. The RTAB includes a series of 512-entry tables, in oneembodiment.

In one example, radix translation structure 802 includes, for instance,a plurality of radix structures, including a level 4 page directory (PD)802 a, a level 3 page directory 802 b, a level 2 page directory 802 c,and a level 1 page table (PT) 802 d. Each page directory and page tableincludes a plurality of entries, referred to herein as page directoryentries (PDEs) and page table entries (PTEs), respectively. (The L fieldof an entry indicates whether there are additional entries to be used inthe translation.) The structures are indexed into, in this example,using a page number 810 generated from a segment offset 812 of theeffective address.

To index into radix structure 802, as one example, the first X (e.g., 9)bits of page number 810 are used as an offset into PD 802 a pointed toby radix table origin 800. The contents of the selected PDE of PD 802 aprovides an address of PD 802 b, and the next X bits of page number 810are used to index into PD 802 b to obtain an address of PD 802 c.Further, the next X bits of page number 810 are used to access 802 c toobtain the address of the page table 802 d. The next X bit of pagenumber 810 are used to access the selected PTE of PT 802 d. The outputof the selected PTE of PT 802 d combined with byte portion 814 ofsegment offset 812 creates a physical address 816, also known as a realaddress.

The above describes one embodiment of translating a virtual address to aphysical address using radix translation. However, in the situation inwhich the virtual address is a guest virtual address (e.g., STEP 702 ofFIG. 7A), additional processing may be used to translate each guestaddress to a corresponding host address. One embodiment of this logic isdescribed with reference to FIG. 9, which shows an example of a radix onradix translation mechanism. That is, radix is used for the guesttranslations, as well as the host translations.

Referring to FIG. 9, a radix on radix translation mechanism includes aradix guest structure 902 and a radix host structure 904. Radixtranslation structure 902 is similar to radix structure 802 of FIG. 8and includes a plurality of radix structures, including a level 4 PD 902a, a level 3 PD 902 b, a level 2 PD 902 c, and a level 1 PT 902 d, eachincluding a plurality of entries. Similarly, radix host structure 904,which is repeatedly shown for clarity, also includes a plurality ofradix structures including a level 4 PD, a level 3 PD, a level 2 PD anda level 1 PT, and each includes a plurality of PDEs or PTEs. A guestpage table pointer 900 (also referred to as a virtual real address of aguest level 4 table) is translated by radix host structure 904 toprovide a real address of the guest level 4 table of radix guesttranslation structure 902. For instance, the bits of the virtual realaddress of the level 4 table are used to walk host radix structure 904,as described above with reference to FIG. 8, to obtain a real address oflevel 4 PD 902 a. As an example, the first X (e.g., 9) bits of virtualreal address 900 are used to index into a level 4 PD of structure 904 toobtain from its selected entry an address of a level 3 PD of structure904. The next X bits of virtual real address 900 are used to index intothe level 3 PD of structure 904 to obtain an address of the level 2 PDof structure 904. The next X bits of address 900 are used to index intothe level 2 PD of structure 904 to obtain an address of the level 1 PTof structure 904, and the next X bits of address 900 are used to indexinto the level 1 PT of structure 904 to obtain a real address of level 4PDE 902 a.

Then, in guest structure 902, the first X (e.g., 9) bits of theeffective address (not shown) to be translated are used to index intothe level 4 PD 902 a to obtain a virtual real address of level 3 PD 902b. This virtual address is translated into a real address of level 3 PD902 b using radix host structure 904, which is indexed into using thebits of the virtual real address of the level 3 PD, as described above.The second set of X bits of the effective address is then used to indexinto PD 902 b to obtain a virtual real address of level 2 PD 902 c. Thataddress is then translated using host structure 904 to obtain a realaddress of level 2 PD 902 c. The third set of X bits of the effectiveaddress is used to index into PD 902 c to obtain a virtual real addressof PT 902 d. The virtual real address is then translated using radixhost structure 904 to obtain a real address of level 1 PT 902 d. Thenext X bits of the effective address are used to index into PT 902 d toobtain a virtual real address. The virtual real address is translatedusing radix host structure 904, and the output of that translationcombined with a byte offset of the effective address is a host physicaladdress 906. In one example, using this type of translation, it takes 24reads to translate an address, in the worst case.

In addition to the above, a radix on hash page table (HPT) translationmechanism is provided, in which the guest translations are via a radixstructure and the host translations are via a hash page table structure.An example of a radix on hash page table translation is described withreference to FIG. 10. Referring to FIG. 10, a guest page table pointer1000 (also referred to as a virtual real address of level 4 table (1004a)) is input to a host hash page table 1002 to translate address 1000 toa real address of level 4 PD 1004 a of a guest radix translationstructure 1004. Similar to the radix structures described above, radixtranslation structure 1004 includes a plurality of radix translationstructures, including, for instance, a level 4 PD 1004 a, a level 3 PD1004 b, a level 2 PD 1004 c, and a level 1 PT 1004 d, and in this case,the real address of level 4 structure 1004 a, referred to as a level 4page directory (PD), is obtained from HPT 1002.

The first X (e.g., 9) bits of the effective address to be translated isused to index into PD 1004 a to obtain the pertinent contents. As ineach of these translations, the contents of the selected level 4 pagedirectory entry of PD 1004 a are checked to see if there are additionallevels to be searched (e.g., is L=0), and if so, the virtual realaddress of PD 1004 b is used to hash into HPT 1002. Based thereon, thereal address of a level 3 PD structure 1004 b is obtained. The next Xbits of the effective address are used to index into PD 1004 b and thisaccess provides a virtual real address of a level 2 structure 1004 c.This virtual address is used in hash structure 1002 to obtain a realaddress of structure 1004 c. The next X bits of the effective addressare used to index into PD 1004 c to obtain a virtual real address oflevel 1 PT 1004 d, which is used to access the HPT. The output of theHPT access is the real address of a level 1 table 1004 d, which is usedto obtain another virtual real address. Since implicitly L=1 as alllevels in the page table have been exhausted, this is the last table ofthe radix structure, and therefore, this entry is the page table entry.The next X bits of the effective address are used to index into the pagetable to provide the guest physical address. The guest physical addressis used to access the hash table. The output of the hash table combinedwith a byte offset of the effective address provides the host physicaladdress 1006 corresponding to the effective address being translated.

In one embodiment, the guest page table pointer (e.g., guest page tablepointer 1000; a.k.a., the virtual real address of the first table in thehierarchy of tables) is obtained using the hash table. This is describedwith reference to FIG. 11. As shown, in this example, if SLBE_(RS)=1(1100), a PTE (1102) found during a hash PTE search is an indirect PTEused to point to a hierarchical page table 1104 that can be manipulatedby non-hypervisor code. In this example, the hierarchical page table isa radix page table (RTAB) to be used by, for instance, the Power ISAarchitecture, along with the hash table. The ARPN and LP fields of thehash page table entry (located during a hash translation) are replacedby the RTABORG, which is the virtualized real address of the radix pagetable. The radix page table is then used, in one example, to obtain avirtual real address (a.k.a., guest physical address) of physical memoryto be accessed. The virtual real address is then converted, in oneembodiment, to a host physical address via, for instance, a hashmechanism (see, e.g., FIG. 10) or a radix mechanism (see, e.g., FIG. 9).

More specifically, if the indicator specifies that multiple types oftranslation formats are to be used to translate the effective address ofthe request to a real address (i.e., SLBE_(Rs)=1), then processingcontinues with obtaining the VSID from the SLBE. The VSID is used tolocate an entry in one type of table (e.g., the hash table) in order toobtain the root of a another type of table (e.g., a hierarchical table,such as a radix table). In particular, in one example, the VSID is usedto create a canonical address used to index into the HPT to obtain theRTABORG. A canonical address is an address created for a plurality ofpages in a segment. That is, a particular segment includes a pluralityof pages that share the same radix table. Therefore, the address used toindex into HPT is to be the same for all those pages. In order to createthe canonical address, the low order address bits for all the addressesthat share the same radix table are zeroed out (and in one embodiment anappropriate constant is added). For instance, the virtual addressobtained based on the effective address includes the VSID, and page andbyte offsets. The VSID is used (optionally, along with the constant) tocreate the canonical address. The canonical address is used to indexinto the HPT to obtain the origin of the radix table (i.e., the virtualreal address of the first table in the hierarchy of tables to be used intranslation).

In addition to, or in lieu of, the translation mechanisms describedabove, other translation mechanisms may be used. One example of anothertype of translation mechanism is a radix on offset mechanism, in which aradix guest translation mechanism is used in conjunction with hosttranslation based on a real mode base and a real mode limit, an exampleof which is described with reference to FIG. 12.

In this example, translation is performed using a real mode offsetregister (RMOR) and a real mode limit selector (RMLS) 1202 and a radixstructure 1204. As described previously, radix structure 1204 includes,in this example, a level 4 PD 1204 a, a level 3 PD 1204 b, a level 2 PD1204 c and a level 1 PT 1204 d, each including a plurality of PDEs orPTEs. A guest page table pointer 1200 (a.k.a., a virtual real address ofPD 1204 a) is translated to a real address of PD 1204 a using a realmode offset register (RMOR) value and a real mode limit selector (RMLS).The RMOR is added to address 1200 and the result of the addition iscompared to RMLS. If it is less than the limit, in this example, thenthe result is used to access PD 1204 a of radix table 1204. The radixtable is walked, as described herein (e.g., using first X (e.g., 9) bitsof the effective address), to obtain from the selected PDE of PD 1204 aa virtual real address of PD 1204 b. The base and limit are used again,but this time with the virtual real address of PD 1204 b to obtain thereal address of PD 1204 b. Translation continues and when PT 1204 d islocated, a guest physical address is obtained which is translated usinghost structure 1202 to obtain an address that when concatenated with abyte offset of the effective address provides a host physical address tobe used in translation.

In one embodiment, in which a guest/host configuration is provided, theparticular one or more translation structure formats to be used intranslating addresses of a given partition is selectable. One example ofthis scenario is depicted in FIG. 13A.

As shown in FIG. 13A, a system configuration includes a plurality ofpartitions 1300. Each partition 1300 includes, for instance, anoperating system and one or more applications 1302. Partitions 1300 aresupported by a monitor program 1304. As examples, monitor program 1304is a hypervisor running on system hardware or a virtual machine (VM)monitor (e.g., VMware) running on a host operating system running on topof system hardware. In one embodiment, each partition may be assignedits own VM monitor.

In accordance with an embodiment, monitor program 1304 selects for aparticular partition one or more address translation structure formatsto be used to translate a memory address from a guest physical addressto a host physical address. The selection may be based on, for instance,the translation formats available in the configuration, the type ofapplications to be run, the condition of memory (e.g., fragmentation),etc. In particular, the monitor program selects a translation structureformat based on the following:

-   -   1) Implementation Level of Processor: When a translation        mechanism is requested, but not available, another mechanism is        substituted. For instance, legacy support is provided to provide        support between schemes.    -   2) Configuration Override File: An override file includes        instructions to ignore certain configuration choices or to map        to alternative schemes. This is helpful in dealing with buggy        implementations or optimizations, etc.    -   3) Configuration File: The configuration file is specified that        indicates the particular format to be used for a partition.    -   4) OS Request: The OS requests a specific translation mode based        on its applications, for a specific region of memory or for all        the memory.    -   5) Dynamic Optimizer/Application Characteristics: A dynamic        optimizer determines the best translation property based on        memory access characteristics. It may be a stand-alone component        or integrated in one or more of the hypervisor, operating system        or application (e.g., Just-in-Time).    -   6) Statically: A static preference for translation schemes based        on schemes available in an implementation. In one        implementation, when a system supports a newer translation        scheme, the newer translation scheme is selected transparently        for all partitions. In one implementation, when a system        supports a new translation scheme, the legacy translation scheme        is selected transparently for the partitions.

In addition to the above, address translation structure formats areselectable for different memory regions within a partition. Forinstance, as shown in FIG. 13B, a partition 1350 has assigned thereto aplurality of address ranges 1352 a . . . 1352 n. A monitor program 1354selects for each address range one or more translation structure formatsto be used for translating guest physical addresses to host physicaladdresses. The selection criteria is similar to that descried above forthe partitions.

One embodiment of the logic for selecting and configuring a system forselectable translation structure formats for partition portions (or fullpartitions) is described with reference to FIG. 14. Initially, a portion(e.g., address range) of a partition is selected, STEP 1400. Then, atranslation structure format (e.g., hierarchical, radix, hash, or offsetmechanism) is selected for the portion based on one or more of thecriteria described above, STEP 1402. The system is then configured withthe selection by, for instance, setting an indicator in a memorylocation or a register, STEP 1404. In another embodiment, the system isconfigured using an instruction that indicates the translation to beused, such as a Set Translation to n instruction, where n is aparticular translation mechanism. In at least one embodiment, multipleindicators are present representing multiple selections of translationschemes for supporting host translation for a partition. In at least onesuch embodiment, at least one of the multiple indicators specifies astart address of an address range, an end of an address range and atranslation scheme used. In at least one other embodiment, at least oneof the multiple indicators specifies an address range based on anaddress prefix and an implementation-specified or indicator-specifiedmask, and a translation scheme used.

In one embodiment, if the monitor is not running directly on thehardware but under a supervisor (e.g., operating system control or acontrol system), the monitor uses a hypervisor call (HCALL) or operatingsystem call to request the supervisor to configure the system. Asexamples, the call is made by accessing a memory location which causes atrap/notification to the supervisor, or an instruction is issued andinterrupted by the supervisor, possibly with hardware support, such as apriority protection scheme limiting access to certain instructions to ahigher privilege level of software.

Thereafter, if there are additional portions for which a translationformat is to be selected, INQUIRY 1406, processing continues to STEP1400. Otherwise, processing is complete. Similar processing is performedto select translation formats for full partitions, instead of or inaddition to, the partition portions.

In one aspect, a processor supports the concurrent operation of multiplepartitions on a single processor. In such an environment, in at leastone embodiment, each partition is enabled to support the selection of aseparate guest translation system independently of other partitions. Inone embodiment, this selection is made directly by the operating system(OS) using a hardware mechanism, such as a “set translation instruction”and/or writing to at least one control register and/or writing to atleast one memory location. In another embodiment, selection is performedby way of interacting with a hypervisor, either by having the hypervisorintercept and perform on behalf of the OS one of the describedmechanisms, or by performing an HCALL or other explicit communication tothe hypervisor.

In one aspect, a processor supports the concurrent operation of multipleguest translation processes for structurally different translationmechanisms. In accordance with such an embodiment, a first page tabletranslation technique operates on behalf of a first partition requestinga first guest address translation using a first set of configurationvalues corresponding to the first partition, and a second page tabletranslation technique operates on behalf of a second partitionrequesting a second guest address translation using a second set ofconfiguration values corresponding to the second partition.

In one aspect of an embodiment, the host translation schemes arestructurally similar for structurally dissimilar guest translationsystems. In one such embodiment, only one set of configurationmechanisms are present for a host translation system. In another aspectof an embodiment, the host translation schemes are structurallydissimilar for structurally dissimilar guest translation systems. In onesuch embodiment, multiple configuration mechanisms are present for ahost translation system.

In one aspect, a processor supports the concurrent operation of multiplepartitions on a single processor. In such an environment, in at leastone embodiment, each partition is enabled to support the selection of aseparate host translation system independently of other partitions. Inone embodiment, this selection is made directly by the hypervisor usinga hardware mechanism, such as a “set translation instruction” and/orwriting to at least one control register and/or writing to at least onememory location. In another embodiment, selection is performed by way ofinteracting with a control system, a controlling operating system, orother control program, either by having the control program interceptand perform on behalf of the hypervisor one of the described mechanism,or by performing an call to the control system by the hypervisor.

In one aspect, a processor supports the concurrent operation of multiplehost translation processes for structurally different translationmechanisms. In accordance with such an embodiment, a first page tabletranslation technique operates on behalf of a first partition requestinga first host address translation using a first set of configurationvalues corresponding to the host translation of the first partition, anda second page table translation technique operates on behalf of a secondpartition requesting a second host address translation using a secondset of configuration values corresponding to the second partition.

Although, in one embodiment, settings herein have been described inreference to entire partitions, multiple portions of partitions can usestructurally dissimilar translation systems.

Described in detail above are aspects in which multiple types oftranslation structures are included in a configuration, and it isselectable as to which translation mechanism(s) may be used to translatean effective address to a host real address and/or which translationmechanism is to be used for a partition or a portion thereof. Variouslegacy translation mechanisms, such as HPT and DAT, may be included inthe system configuration. Thus, further details relating to HPT and DATare provided below.

One embodiment of the logic of a legacy translation technique in which ahash page table is used is described with reference to FIG. 15.Initially, an address request is received that includes an effectiveaddress, STEP 1500. The effective address is used to generate a virtualaddress, STEP 1502. For instance, the ESID is used to locate an SLBE,which includes a VSID. The VSID combined with the page.byte of theeffective address provides the virtual address to be translated. Thus,the virtual address is created by address substitution (referred toherein as segmentation) and not using paging support. Thereafter, adetermination is made as to whether there is an SLB address generationevent, INQUIRY 1504. For instance, was there a miss in the SLB whenlooking for the ESID? If not, then the virtual address is translated toa real address using conventional HPT translation, STEP 1506. Adetermination is made as to whether there is a translation event,INQUIRY 1508. If there is no HPT translation event, then processing iscomplete, and the real address can be used to access memory.

Returning to INQUIRY 1508, if there is an HPT translation event, thenthe translation event is specified to either the operating system orhypervisor using, for instance, ISI/DSI or HISI/HDSI, STEP 1510. HPTevent processing is performed, including optionally performing paging,STEP 1312. The operating system or hypervisor restarts the instruction,STEP 1514, and the flow returns to STEP 1300.

Returning to INQUIRY 1504, if there is an SLB generation event, then anSLB event is indicated to the operating system, STEP 1520. Further, SLBevent processing is performed including, for instance, reloading the SLB(excluding paging), STEP 1522. The operating system restarts theinstruction, STEP 1524, and processing continues with STEP 1500.

A further legacy technique for translating memory addresses is describedwith reference to FIG. 16. This technique uses a hierarchicaltranslation mechanism. Initially, an address request is received, STEP1600. The address is translated using, for instance, DAT translation,STEP 1602, which is similar to the hierarchical translation describedherein. One example of an architecture that uses DAT translation is thez/Architecture, which is described in an IBM Publication entitled“z/Architecture—Principles of Operation,” Publication No. SA22-7932-08,9^(th) Edition, August 2010, which is hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. Thereafter, a determination is made as towhether there was a DAT translation event, such as a miss, INQUIRY 1604.If not, then the address has been translated to the physical address,STEP 1606, and processing is complete.

However, if there is a DAT translation event, INQUIRY 1604, then thetranslation event is either indicated to the operating system orhypervisor, STEP 1610. DAT event processing is performed in theoperating system or hypervisor; optionally, performing paging, STEP1612. Further, the operating system or the hypervisor restarts theinstruction, STEP 1614, and processing continues to STEP 1600.

Described in detail above is a capability for selecting from multipletypes of paging data structures to translate an effective address to areal address. Although examples of translation mechanisms are described,additional and/or different mechanisms may be used. In one embodiment,in accordance with a VM monitor architecture, a hypervisor can use twodifferent types of guest physical to host physical translations. Forexample, HPT may be selected for dense translation areas (largecontiguously mapped areas), and radix or other hierarchical tables maybe selected for scattered partitions, and to exploit locality withoutlarge contiguous areas. In accordance with one or more aspects, when amonitor program manages multiple partitions, it can select a translationmechanism for each one, or portions thereof, separately. When runningunder an operating system (OS) or under a control system, multipleinstances of a monitor can execute independently, each one selecting atranslation system independently. When running under an operating systemor control system, the monitor may not be able to configure atranslation system directly, but may perform a configuration request tothe OS or control system. The OS will be adapted to configure andsupport multiple translation systems.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system”.Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signalmedium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable signalmedium may include a propagated data signal with computer readableprogram code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of acarrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety offorms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical or anysuitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may beany computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storagemedium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program foruse by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatusor device.

A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limitedto, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared orsemiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combinationof the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of thecomputer readable storage medium include the following: an electricalconnection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, ahard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), anerasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), anoptical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), anoptical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitablecombination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, acomputer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that cancontain or store a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Referring now to FIG. 17, in one example, a computer program product1700 includes, for instance, one or more non-transitory computerreadable storage media 1702 to store computer readable program codemeans or logic 1704 thereon to provide and facilitate one or moreaspects of the present invention.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing an appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for one or moreaspects may be written in any combination of one or more programminglanguages, including an object oriented programming language, such asJava, Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the “C” programming language, assembleror similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirelyon the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computerthrough any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or awide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an externalcomputer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet ServiceProvider).

One or more aspects are described herein with reference to flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) andcomputer program products according to embodiments of the invention. Itwill be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/orblock diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computerprogram instructions. These computer program instructions may beprovided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purposecomputer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce amachine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor ofthe computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, createmeans for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchartand/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

In addition to the above, one or more aspects may be provided, offered,deployed, managed, serviced, etc. by a service provider who offersmanagement of customer environments. For instance, the service providercan create, maintain, support, etc. computer code and/or a computerinfrastructure that performs one or more aspects of the presentinvention for one or more customers. In return, the service provider mayreceive payment from the customer under a subscription and/or feeagreement, as examples. Additionally or alternatively, the serviceprovider may receive payment from the sale of advertising content to oneor more third parties.

In one aspect, an application may be deployed for performing one or moreaspects of the present invention. As one example, the deploying of anapplication comprises providing computer infrastructure operable toperform one or more aspects of the present invention.

As a further aspect, a computing infrastructure may be deployedcomprising integrating computer readable code into a computing system,in which the code in combination with the computing system is capable ofperforming one or more aspects of the present invention.

As yet a further aspect, a process for integrating computinginfrastructure comprising integrating computer readable code into acomputer system may be provided. The computer system comprises acomputer readable medium, in which the computer medium comprises one ormore aspects of the present invention. The code in combination with thecomputer system is capable of performing one or more aspects of thepresent invention.

Although various embodiments are described above, these are onlyexamples. For example, computing environments of other architectures canincorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention.Additionally, other types of translation structures may be used andother types of environments may benefit from one or more aspects.Additionally, each structure may have different fields and/or the fieldscan be of different sizes. Further, the number of bits used to indexinto a structure can be the same or different for each level, and/or foreach structure. Many variations are possible.

Further, other types of computing environments can benefit from one ormore aspects. As an example, an environment may include an emulator(e.g., software or other emulation mechanisms), in which a particulararchitecture (including, for instance, instruction execution,architected functions, such as address translation, and architectedregisters) or a subset thereof is emulated (e.g., on a native computersystem having a processor and memory). In such an environment, one ormore emulation functions of the emulator can implement one or moreaspects of the present invention, even though a computer executing theemulator may have a different architecture than the capabilities beingemulated. As one example, in emulation mode, the specific instruction oroperation being emulated is decoded, and an appropriate emulationfunction is built to implement the individual instruction or operation.

In an emulation environment, a host computer includes, for instance, amemory to store instructions and data; an instruction fetch unit tofetch instructions from memory and to optionally, provide localbuffering for the fetched instruction; an instruction decode unit toreceive the fetched instructions and to determine the type ofinstructions that have been fetched; and an instruction execution unitto execute the instructions. Execution may include loading data into aregister from memory; storing data back to memory from a register; orperforming some type of arithmetic or logical operation, as determinedby the decode unit. In one example, each unit is implemented insoftware. For instance, the operations being performed by the units areimplemented as one or more subroutines within emulator software.

Further, a data processing system suitable for storing and/or executingprogram code is usable that includes at least one processor coupleddirectly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. Thememory elements include, for instance, local memory employed duringactual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memorywhich provide temporary storage of at least some program code in orderto reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storageduring execution.

Input/Output or I/O devices (including, but not limited to, keyboards,displays, pointing devices, DASD, tape, CDs, DVDs, thumb drives andother memory media, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directlyor through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also becoupled to the system to enable the data processing system to becomecoupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storagedevices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cablemodems, and Ethernet cards are just a few of the available types ofnetwork adapters.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below, if any, areintended to include any structure, material, or act for performing thefunction in combination with other claimed elements as specificallyclaimed. The description of the present invention has been presented forpurposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to beexhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain variousaspects and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinaryskill in the art to understand the various embodiments with variousmodifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

1. A computer program product for facilitating translation of memoryaddresses, said computer program product comprising: a computer readablestorage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructionsfor execution by the processing circuit for performing a methodcomprising: selecting, by a monitor executing on a processor, a firstaddress translation structure format for a first portion of a partitionmanaged by the monitor; and selecting, by the monitor, a second addresstranslation structure format for a second portion of the partition, thefirst address translation structure format being different from thesecond address translation structure format.
 2. The computer programproduct of claim 1, wherein the first address translation structureformat uses a hierarchical structure and the second address translationstructure format uses a hash structure.
 3. The computer program productof claim 1, wherein the monitor comprises one of a hypervisor, or avirtual machine monitor running on an operating system.
 4. The computerprogram product of claim 1, wherein at least one of the selecting thefirst address translation structure format and the selecting the secondaddress translation structure format is based on one or more of:available address translation structure formats, implementation choice,or memory characteristics.
 5. The computer program product of claim 1,wherein the method further comprises configuring at least one ofselection of the first address translation structure format or selectionof the second address translation structure format by providing anindication of the at least one selection.
 6. The computer programproduct of claim 5, wherein the indication is stored within one of aregister or a memory location.
 7. The computer program product of claim1, wherein the method further comprises configuring at least one ofselection of the first address translation structure format or selectionof the second address translation structure format via a supervisoryprogram.
 8. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein at leastone of the selected first address translation structure format and theselected second address translation structure format is used totranslate a guest physical address to a host physical address, the hostphysical address to access physical memory.
 9. The computer programproduct of claim 1, wherein the processor includes another monitor, themonitor and the another monitor executing under a control program, andwherein the another monitor selects, independently from the monitor, oneor more address translation structures to be used for another partitionto which it is associated.
 10. A computer system for facilitatingtranslation of memory addresses, said computer system comprising: amemory; and a processor in communications with the memory, wherein thecomputer system is configured to perform a method, said methodcomprising: selecting, by a monitor executing on a processor, a firstaddress translation structure format for a first portion of a partitionmanaged by the monitor; and selecting, by the monitor, a second addresstranslation structure format for a second portion of the partition, thefirst address translation structure format being different from thesecond address translation structure format.
 11. The computer system ofclaim 10, wherein the first address translation structure format uses ahierarchical structure and the second address translation structureformat uses a hash structure, and wherein the monitor comprises one of ahypervisor, or a virtual machine monitor running on an operating system.12. The computer system of claim 10, wherein at least one of theselecting the first address translation structure format and theselecting the second address translation structure format is based onone or more of: available address translation structure formats,implementation choice, or memory characteristics.
 13. The computersystem of claim 10, wherein the method further comprises configuring atleast one of selection of the first address translation structure formator selection of the second address translation structure format byproviding an indication of the at least one selection.
 14. The computersystem of claim 13, wherein the indication is stored within one of aregister or a memory location.
 15. The computer system of claim 10,wherein the method further comprises configuring at least one ofselection of the first address translation structure format or selectionof the second address translation structure format via a supervisoryprogram.
 16. The computer system of claim 10, wherein at least one ofthe selected first address translation structure format and the selectedsecond address translation structure format is used to translate a guestphysical address to a host physical address, the host physical addressto access physical memory.
 17. The computer system of claim 10, whereinthe processor includes another monitor, the monitor and the anothermonitor executing under a control program, and wherein the anothermonitor selects, independently from the monitor, one or more addresstranslation structures to be used for another partition to which it isassociated. 18-20. (canceled)